高效提升電池壽命和(he)安全性 | 基于ACM32 MCU的BMS應用方案
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管(guan)理系統(tong)(BMS)通過監控電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的狀態(tai),智(zhi)能化(hua)管(guan)理及維護各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單元,從而(er)防止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。優(you)質的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管(guan)理系統(tong)能夠(gou)最大限度地延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)整體(ti)使用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming),有(you)效保障設備(bei)安全(quan)。
BMS電池管理概述
BMS,即電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)管理系統(tong)(Battery Management System),隨著鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)廣泛應用(yong),BMS作為鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)“保姆”也越來越被大眾(zhong)所關注。相(xiang)較于傳統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi),鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有更(geng)好(hao)的(de)能力密度,更(geng)高的(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,更(geng)低的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)。但鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在面(mian)對過充(chong)、過放等問(wen)題(ti)時,相(xiang)對脆弱。由(you)于鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組在生產制造和使用(yong)過程(cheng)中存在的(de)差異性,會導致(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)體(ti)之間天然就存在著不(bu)(bu)一致(zhi)(zhi)性。這(zhe)種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)一致(zhi)(zhi)性主要表現在單(dan)體(ti)容量、內阻、自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)、充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)等方面(mian)。單(dan)體(ti)的(de)不(bu)(bu)一致(zhi)(zhi),會進一步導致(zhi)(zhi)過充(chong)、過放等問(wen)題(ti),進而造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命下降(jiang)甚至死(si)亡(wang)或損(sun)壞。
圖1 | 容量不一(yi)致時(shi)充放電過程(cheng)示意圖
如圖1所示,由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)單體(ti)的(de)差異,在充電(dian)(dian)時,低容量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)已飽和(he),而較大容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)未滿,此時對于(yu)小容量(liang)(liang)(liang)單體(ti)來說,則處于(yu)過充狀態。相反,放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時,較大容量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)仍然處于(yu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)狀態,而小容量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)已空(kong)。有研(yan)究表明,單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)芯(xin)20%的(de)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)差異,會(hui)帶來超(chao)過40%的(de)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)損失。
而(er)BMS模(mo)塊則是為(wei)避免該(gai)問(wen)題(ti)的出現而(er)存在。BMS會(hui)實時監測單體(ti)的容量,并采用電池(chi)(chi)均衡(heng)(heng)手段(duan)來保證(zheng)電池(chi)(chi)的正常工作(zuo)。將不同容量的單體(ti)比(bi)作(zuo)體(ti)積不同的水桶(tong),而(er)電池(chi)(chi)的電量好比(bi)是水桶(tong)中(zhong)存留的水。充放電時,BMS會(hui)將快滿的“水桶(tong)”里面的“水”轉(zhuan)移(yi)到較空的“水桶(tong)”中(zhong),以此來保證(zheng)整體(ti)電池(chi)(chi)電量的均衡(heng)(heng),避免出現過充和(he)過放的問(wen)題(ti)。如圖(tu)2所示。
圖2 | BMS電(dian)池均(jun)衡示意圖
上海航芯(xin)BMS應用(yong)方案
上(shang)海航芯推出(chu)的(de)(de)BMS應用(yong)方案(an),采用(yong)ACM32F403/ACM32G103系(xi)列MCU作(zuo)為主控芯片,最(zui)(zui)高工(gong)作(zuo)頻率(lv)可(ke)達180MHz/120MHz,內置最(zui)(zui)大512KB的(de)(de)eFlash和最(zui)(zui)大192KB SRAM,滿足一般BMS算法(fa)庫的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)求(qiu)。內置2Msps/3Msps采樣率(lv)12位ADC,實(shi)現對電(dian)芯電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流(liu)、溫度等(deng)信(xin)號的(de)(de)高頻采樣。具有USB/UART/CAN/SPI等(deng)多種通訊接口,足以應對大多數應用(yong)場合(如(ru)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)485通信(xin)的(de)(de)兩輪電(dian)動(dong)車,需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)CAN接口的(de)(de)新能源汽車等(deng))。基于(yu)ACM32F403/ACM32G103的(de)(de)BMS方案(an)結構示意圖(tu)如(ru)下圖(tu)所示:
圖(tu)3 | BMS系(xi)統框圖(tu)
ACM32F4/ACM32G1主控(kong)芯片,通過(guo)ADC對敏感信號(hao)進行(xing)采樣,并依照BMS算法庫計算得到當(dang)前(qian)電池的SOC、SOH等(deng)數據,執行(xing)均(jun)衡(heng)以(yi)及熱管(guan)理控(kong)制,保證電池處(chu)于正常的工作(zuo)狀態(tai)。當(dang)出現問(wen)題時,支持在線(xian)警(jing)報同時給出LED指示信號(hao)。整個系(xi)統的運(yun)行(xing)參數可以(yi)通過(guo)CAN/USB/UART等(deng)接(jie)口(kou)進行(xing)上報。