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賦能(neng)工(gong)(gong)業智能(neng)化升級 | 基于ACM32 MCU的工(gong)(gong)業通用變頻器方案(an)

近年來，隨著智(zhi)能制(zhi)造對節(jie)能的(de)更高要求(qiu)，通用(yong)變(bian)頻器(qi)在工業領(ling)域的(de)應(ying)用(yong)愈(yu)加(jia)廣泛。變(bian)頻器(qi)是一種先進的(de)調(diao)速(su)控(kong)制(zhi)設備(bei)，通過對電源(yuan)頻率(lv)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)可以實現對電機轉速(su)的(de)精(jing)確調(diao)節(jie)，從而提高設備(bei)的(de)性能和節(jie)能效(xiao)果。

變(bian)頻器(qi)概述

變頻(pin)器（Variable-Frequency Drive，VFD）是應用(yong)變頻(pin)技(ji)術和微(wei)(wei)電(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術，通過(guo)改變電(dian)機工(gong)作電(dian)源頻(pin)率(lv)方式來控制(zhi)交流(liu)電(dian)動機的電(dian)動設備。

對于(yu)交(jiao)流電機而言，其(qi)轉速表(biao)達式為(wei)：

其中，n表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)，f表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源信號(hao)頻(pin)率(lv)，s表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)差，p表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)極對數(shu)。從上式可(ke)以(yi)看出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源信號(hao)頻(pin)率(lv)成(cheng)正比關系。因此(ci)，只更改(gai)頻(pin)率(lv)即可(ke)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉速(su)。變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器正是依據該公式來(lai)(lai)實現對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)速(su)控制。通(tong)常(chang)，變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器由整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)以(yi)及(ji)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)4個部(bu)分組成(cheng)。外部(bu)輸入的(de)(de)三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經(jing)過(guo)整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)得到穩定的(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)再通(tong)過(guo)逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)得到用以(yi)驅(qu)動(dong)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)一(yi)般會選用IGBT來(lai)(lai)實現，以(yi)期(qi)得到足夠的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)結構示(shi)意圖如下(xia)圖所示(shi)：

逆變電路結構(gou)示意(yi)圖

經過(guo)整形和濾波之后的(de)直流信號接入到上圖(tu)的(de)環境V+和V-端(duan)，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)電路通過(guo)Y1~Y6端(duan)口，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)IGBT的(de)開關得到交(jiao)流電機的(de)三相交(jiao)流控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)信號，以完成對電機的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。

航(hang)芯ACM32 MCU工(gong)業變(bian)頻(pin)器方(fang)案

針對(dui)工業自動(dong)(dong)化電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)需求的(de)(de)(de)客戶，上海(hai)航芯推(tui)出了工業通用變頻(pin)器應用方(fang)案，該方(fang)案采(cai)用ACM32F4/ACM32G1系列MCU，最(zui)(zui)高(gao)工作(zuo)頻(pin)率(lv)可達(da)180MHz/120MHz，內置最(zui)(zui)大(da)512KB的(de)(de)(de)eFlash和最(zui)(zui)大(da)192KB SRAM。其中ACM32F4帶(dai)有一(yi)個(ge)可輸出4路(lu)帶(dai)死區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)互(hu)補(bu)PWM信號的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)級定時器以及采(cai)樣(yang)速率(lv)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)可到2Msps的(de)(de)(de)12位(wei)ADC。而ACM32G1帶(dai)有兩個(ge)可輸出4路(lu)帶(dai)死區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)互(hu)補(bu)PWM信號的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)級定時器以及兩路(lu)采(cai)樣(yang)速率(lv)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)可到3Msps的(de)(de)(de)12位(wei)ADC。可實(shi)現高(gao)性能(neng)、高(gao)精度的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)控制，是(shi)工業設(she)備電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)控制應用的(de)(de)(de)理想選擇。

基于(yu)ACM32F4/ACM32G1系列MCU的控制電路(lu)結構框(kuang)圖(tu)，如下圖(tu)所示：

控制(zhi)電路的(de)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)輸出，采用(yong)SPI接口的(de)LED顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)屏(ping)。ACM32F4/ACM32G1系列的(de)MCU，其(qi)標(biao)準SPI通信(xin)速率(lv)可到(dao)50MHz，能及(ji)時(shi)將顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)數(shu)(shu)據刷(shua)新到(dao)LED顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)屏(ping)上(shang)。變(bian)頻器(qi)的(de)設(she)(she)置參數(shu)(shu)有兩種設(she)(she)置模式，在脫(tuo)機(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，用(yong)戶(hu)可以通過(guo)外部按鍵來(lai)設(she)(she)置工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)參數(shu)(shu)。而在線模式下(xia)，變(bian)頻器(qi)通過(guo)UART接口和上(shang)位(wei)機(ji)相連。用(yong)戶(hu)通過(guo)上(shang)位(wei)機(ji)將設(she)(she)定的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)參數(shu)(shu)輸入至設(she)(she)備中，設(she)(she)備運行(xing)(xing)時(shi)，也會(hui)將實(shi)時(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)情(qing)況(kuang)反饋給上(shang)位(wei)機(ji)，以便用(yong)戶(hu)對設(she)(she)備進行(xing)(xing)實(shi)時(shi)調整(zheng)。

逆(ni)變電路部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)是(shi)整個控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)邏輯(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心部分(fen)，其本質(zhi)是(shi)通過MCU中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)高級定時器輸出(chu)3對(dui)互補PWM信(xin)號給到(dao)(dao)Y1~Y6。利用(yong)(yong)SPWM技術(shu)驅動(dong)輸出(chu)三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流信(xin)號來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電機工作(zuo)。而(er)三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電的(de)(de)(de)換(huan)相(xiang)操作(zuo)，則(ze)是(shi)根據MCU內置的(de)(de)(de)12位的(de)(de)(de)ADC對(dui)U，V和W三(san)項(xiang)進行(xing)電流采(cai)樣(yang)來(lai)判(pan)定換(huan)項(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)。ACM32F4系列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)MCU，ADC的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)樣(yang)頻(pin)率能(neng)到(dao)(dao)2Msps，能(neng)滿足(zu)大多(duo)數(shu)設備的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)需求。而(er)面對(dui)高性能(neng)需要的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場合(he)，則(ze)可使用(yong)(yong)ACM32G1系列(lie)MCU。該系列(lie)MCU有兩路ADC，最高采(cai)樣(yang)率為3Msps，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)交(jiao)叉(cha)采(cai)樣(yang)方式提(ti)高對(dui)信(xin)號的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)樣(yang)速率，精確(que)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)換(huan)相(xiang)參數(shu)并做出(chu)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)動(dong)作(zuo)。