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賦(fu)能工業智能化升級 | 基于(yu)ACM32 MCU的工業通用變頻器方(fang)案

近年來(lai)，隨著智能(neng)(neng)制造對節能(neng)(neng)的更高(gao)要(yao)求(qiu)，通用變頻(pin)器(qi)在工業領域的應用愈加廣泛。變頻(pin)器(qi)是一種先進的調速控制設(she)備，通過對電源頻(pin)率的控制可以實現對電機轉速的精(jing)確(que)調節，從(cong)而提高(gao)設(she)備的性能(neng)(neng)和節能(neng)(neng)效果。

變(bian)頻(pin)器概述

變頻(pin)器（Variable-Frequency Drive，VFD）是應用變頻(pin)技(ji)術和微(wei)電子(zi)技(ji)術，通過改變電機工作電源頻(pin)率方式來控(kong)制交(jiao)流電動機的電動設備。

對(dui)于交流電機而(er)言，其轉速(su)表達式為：

其(qi)中，n表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)速，f表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源信號(hao)頻(pin)率(lv)，s表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)速差，p表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)極對數。從上式可以看出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)速和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源信號(hao)頻(pin)率(lv)成正比(bi)關系。因此(ci)，只更改(gai)頻(pin)率(lv)即可改(gai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)速。變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)正是依據該公式來實現對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)變(bian)(bian)速控制(zhi)。通(tong)常，變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)由整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)以及控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)4個部(bu)(bu)分組成。外部(bu)(bu)輸(shu)入的(de)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經過整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和(he)濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)得(de)到(dao)穩定的(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)再通(tong)過逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)得(de)到(dao)用以驅(qu)動(dong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。逆(ni)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)一(yi)般會選用IGBT來實現，以期得(de)到(dao)足夠的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)結構示(shi)意(yi)圖如下圖所示(shi)：

逆(ni)變電路結(jie)構示意圖

經過整形和(he)濾波之后的直(zhi)流信號接入到(dao)上圖的環境V+和(he)V-端(duan)，控(kong)制電(dian)路通過Y1~Y6端(duan)口，控(kong)制IGBT的開關得到(dao)交流電(dian)機的三相交流控(kong)制信號，以完成(cheng)對電(dian)機的控(kong)制。

航芯(xin)ACM32 MCU工業變頻器(qi)方案(an)

針對工業(ye)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)需求的(de)(de)(de)客戶，上海航芯推出了工業(ye)通用變頻器應(ying)用方案(an)(an)，該方案(an)(an)采(cai)用ACM32F4/ACM32G1系列MCU，最高(gao)(gao)工作頻率可(ke)(ke)(ke)達180MHz/120MHz，內置最大(da)512KB的(de)(de)(de)eFlash和最大(da)192KB SRAM。其中ACM32F4帶(dai)(dai)(dai)有一(yi)個(ge)可(ke)(ke)(ke)輸(shu)出4路(lu)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)死區的(de)(de)(de)互(hu)補(bu)PWM信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)級定時(shi)(shi)器以及采(cai)樣(yang)速(su)率最高(gao)(gao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)到(dao)(dao)2Msps的(de)(de)(de)12位ADC。而ACM32G1帶(dai)(dai)(dai)有兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)可(ke)(ke)(ke)輸(shu)出4路(lu)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)死區的(de)(de)(de)互(hu)補(bu)PWM信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)級定時(shi)(shi)器以及兩(liang)(liang)路(lu)采(cai)樣(yang)速(su)率最高(gao)(gao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)到(dao)(dao)3Msps的(de)(de)(de)12位ADC。可(ke)(ke)(ke)實現(xian)高(gao)(gao)性(xing)能、高(gao)(gao)精度的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)控制，是(shi)工業(ye)設(she)備(bei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)控制應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)理想選(xuan)擇(ze)。

基于ACM32F4/ACM32G1系(xi)列MCU的控制電路(lu)結構框(kuang)圖(tu)，如下圖(tu)所示：

控制(zhi)電路的(de)顯示(shi)輸(shu)出，采用SPI接口的(de)LED顯示(shi)屏。ACM32F4/ACM32G1系列的(de)MCU，其標準SPI通(tong)(tong)信(xin)速率(lv)可(ke)到50MHz，能及時(shi)將顯示(shi)數據刷新到LED顯示(shi)屏上。變頻器的(de)設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)參(can)數有兩種設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)模式，在脫機(ji)(ji)(ji)情況下(xia)，用戶(hu)可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)外部按(an)鍵來設(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)作參(can)數。而在線模式下(xia)，變頻器通(tong)(tong)過(guo)UART接口和上位(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相連。用戶(hu)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)上位(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)將設(she)(she)定(ding)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作參(can)數輸(shu)入至設(she)(she)備中，設(she)(she)備運行時(shi)，也會(hui)將實時(shi)工(gong)(gong)作情況反饋給上位(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，以(yi)便用戶(hu)對設(she)(she)備進行實時(shi)調整。

逆(ni)變電(dian)(dian)路部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)是整個控(kong)制(zhi)邏輯中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心部分(fen)，其本質是通(tong)過MCU中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高級定時(shi)器輸出(chu)3對(dui)互補(bu)PWM信(xin)號給到Y1~Y6。利用SPWM技術驅動輸出(chu)三(san)相交(jiao)流(liu)信(xin)號來控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)工作。而三(san)相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)換(huan)相操作，則是根據MCU內置的(de)(de)(de)(de)12位的(de)(de)(de)(de)ADC對(dui)U，V和W三(san)項進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)采樣(yang)(yang)來判(pan)定換(huan)項的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間。ACM32F4系列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)MCU，ADC的(de)(de)(de)(de)采樣(yang)(yang)頻率(lv)能到2Msps，能滿足大多數設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)需求。而面對(dui)高性能需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用場(chang)合，則可使用ACM32G1系列(lie)MCU。該系列(lie)MCU有兩路ADC，最高采樣(yang)(yang)率(lv)為3Msps，采用交(jiao)叉(cha)采樣(yang)(yang)方式提(ti)高對(dui)信(xin)號的(de)(de)(de)(de)采樣(yang)(yang)速率(lv)，精(jing)確(que)控(kong)制(zhi)換(huan)相參數并做出(chu)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)動作。