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賦能工業智能化(hua)升級(ji) | 基于ACM32 MCU的(de)工業通用變頻器方案


近年來(lai),隨著智能(neng)制(zhi)造對節(jie)能(neng)的(de)更高要求,通用變頻器在工業領域的(de)應用愈加廣泛。變頻器是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)先進的(de)調速控制(zhi)設備,通過(guo)對電源頻率的(de)控制(zhi)可以實現(xian)對電機轉速的(de)精確調節(jie),從而提高設備的(de)性能(neng)和節(jie)能(neng)效果。


變頻器概述


變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(Variable-Frequency Drive,VFD)是(shi)應用變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)技術和微電(dian)(dian)子技術,通(tong)過改變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)機工作電(dian)(dian)源頻(pin)率方式來(lai)控制交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)動機的電(dian)(dian)動設備。


對(dui)于(yu)交(jiao)流電機而(er)言,其轉速表達式為:




其(qi)中(zhong),n表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su),f表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)信(xin)號頻率,s表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)差,p表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)對(dui)數。從上式(shi)可以(yi)看出,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)信(xin)號頻率成正比關系。因此(ci),只更改(gai)頻率即(ji)可改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)。變頻器(qi)正是依據該公式(shi)來實(shi)現對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)變速(su)控制。通(tong)常,變頻器(qi)由整流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),逆變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)以(yi)及控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)4個部分組成。外部輸入的(de)(de)(de)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經(jing)過(guo)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)得(de)到(dao)穩定的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)再通(tong)過(guo)逆變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)得(de)到(dao)用(yong)以(yi)驅動交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。逆變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)一般會選用(yong)IGBT來實(shi)現,以(yi)期得(de)到(dao)足夠的(de)(de)(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu),其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)結(jie)構示(shi)意圖如下圖所(suo)示(shi):


逆(ni)變(bian)電路結構(gou)示(shi)意圖


經過(guo)整形(xing)和濾波之后的(de)直流(liu)(liu)信(xin)號接入(ru)到上圖的(de)環境V+和V-端,控制電(dian)路(lu)通過(guo)Y1~Y6端口,控制IGBT的(de)開關得到交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機的(de)三相交流(liu)(liu)控制信(xin)號,以完成(cheng)對(dui)電(dian)機的(de)控制。


航芯ACM32 MCU工業(ye)變頻器(qi)方案(an)


針對工業自動(dong)(dong)化電(dian)(dian)機驅動(dong)(dong)需求的(de)(de)客戶(hu),上海航(hang)芯推出(chu)了工業通用(yong)變頻器應用(yong)方案(an),該方案(an)采用(yong)ACM32F4/ACM32G1系列MCU,最(zui)高(gao)(gao)工作頻率可(ke)達(da)180MHz/120MHz,內置最(zui)大(da)512KB的(de)(de)eFlash和最(zui)大(da)192KB SRAM。其中ACM32F4帶有(you)一個可(ke)輸(shu)出(chu)4路帶死區的(de)(de)互補(bu)PWM信號的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)級定(ding)時(shi)器以及采樣速(su)率最(zui)高(gao)(gao)可(ke)到2Msps的(de)(de)12位ADC。而(er)ACM32G1帶有(you)兩(liang)個可(ke)輸(shu)出(chu)4路帶死區的(de)(de)互補(bu)PWM信號的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)級定(ding)時(shi)器以及兩(liang)路采樣速(su)率最(zui)高(gao)(gao)可(ke)到3Msps的(de)(de)12位ADC。可(ke)實(shi)現高(gao)(gao)性能、高(gao)(gao)精度的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機驅動(dong)(dong)控制,是工業設備(bei)電(dian)(dian)機驅動(dong)(dong)控制應用(yong)的(de)(de)理想選擇。


基于(yu)ACM32F4/ACM32G1系列MCU的控制電路結構框圖,如下(xia)圖所(suo)示(shi):




控制電路的顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出,采(cai)用(yong)SPI接口的LED顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)屏(ping)。ACM32F4/ACM32G1系列的MCU,其標準SPI通(tong)信速(su)率可(ke)到50MHz,能及時將(jiang)(jiang)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)數(shu)(shu)據刷新到LED顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)屏(ping)上。變頻(pin)器的設(she)(she)(she)置參(can)數(shu)(shu)有兩(liang)種設(she)(she)(she)置模式,在(zai)(zai)脫機(ji)情況(kuang)下,用(yong)戶可(ke)以通(tong)過外部按鍵來(lai)設(she)(she)(she)置工作(zuo)(zuo)參(can)數(shu)(shu)。而(er)在(zai)(zai)線模式下,變頻(pin)器通(tong)過UART接口和上位機(ji)相連。用(yong)戶通(tong)過上位機(ji)將(jiang)(jiang)設(she)(she)(she)定的工作(zuo)(zuo)參(can)數(shu)(shu)輸(shu)(shu)入至設(she)(she)(she)備中,設(she)(she)(she)備運(yun)行時,也會(hui)將(jiang)(jiang)實(shi)時工作(zuo)(zuo)情況(kuang)反饋給上位機(ji),以便用(yong)戶對設(she)(she)(she)備進行實(shi)時調整。


逆(ni)變(bian)電(dian)路部分的(de)(de)(de)控制是整個控制邏輯中的(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)部分,其本(ben)質是通過MCU中的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)級定時(shi)器(qi)輸出(chu)(chu)3對(dui)(dui)互補PWM信號給到(dao)Y1~Y6。利用SPWM技(ji)術驅動(dong)輸出(chu)(chu)三相(xiang)交(jiao)流信號來(lai)控制電(dian)機(ji)工(gong)作。而三相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)換相(xiang)操作,則是根據MCU內置的(de)(de)(de)12位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)ADC對(dui)(dui)U,V和W三項(xiang)進行電(dian)流采(cai)(cai)(cai)樣(yang)(yang)來(lai)判定換項(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間。ACM32F4系(xi)(xi)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)MCU,ADC的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)樣(yang)(yang)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)能(neng)到(dao)2Msps,能(neng)滿(man)足(zu)大多數(shu)設備的(de)(de)(de)運行需(xu)求。而面對(dui)(dui)高(gao)性能(neng)需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)應用場合,則可使用ACM32G1系(xi)(xi)列(lie)MCU。該系(xi)(xi)列(lie)MCU有兩路ADC,最高(gao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)樣(yang)(yang)率(lv)(lv)為3Msps,采(cai)(cai)(cai)用交(jiao)叉采(cai)(cai)(cai)樣(yang)(yang)方式(shi)提高(gao)對(dui)(dui)信號的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)樣(yang)(yang)速(su)率(lv)(lv),精確控制換相(xiang)參數(shu)并做出(chu)(chu)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)控制動(dong)作。